1. Erosion
checking crops.
2. Crop
rotation
3. Terracing
4. Gully
checking
Saturday, August 25, 2012
Role of local organization in planning and management of land resources
1. People’s
participation
2. Effective
contribution to government works
3. Conflict
resolution
4. Specialization
Role of civil society
1. Conflict
management
2. People’s
participation
3. Awareness
4. Resource
identification and mobilization
5. Monitoring
and evaluation
6. Problem
identification
7. Good
governance
Government and pasture related policies
Pasture is an important natural
resources na an integral component for the development of livestock farming.
And livestock farming plays a vital role in establishing relationship between
pasture resources and socio-economic structure of the agriculturally
predominant rural areas in Nepal.
Wednesday, August 15, 2012
The policies government may follow
The policies government may
follow
1. Control
over excessive forest encroachment
2. Provision
of agro forestry
3. Participation
of local community
4. expansion
of community forestry programs
Objectives of master plan for the forestry sector
1. Satisfaction
of basic needs of on a sustainable basis
2. Sustainable
utilization of forest resources
3. Participation
in decision making and sharing of benefits
4. Creating
opportunities for income generation and employment by forest based industries.
Government and land resources related policies
Policies on :
1. Agro
forestry
2. Control
over land pollution
3. Physical
techniques
4. Land
resources mapping
Techniques of environmental resources planning
1. Conservation
techniques
2. Commanded
techniques
3. Political
techniques
4. Facilitate
techniques
5. Accumulation
techniques
6. Fiscal
techniques
Environmental resources planning
Environmental resources plan is a
blue print for action. It points out a precise way of reach a predetermined
goal, or a set of goals, within a predetermined time frame and available
resources, as a development planning
Measurement of accessibility of people on the available rural resources
·
Settlement features
·
Distance between settlement and location of
resources
·
Income of rural people
·
Demand of available resources
·
Effectiveness and quality of resources
·
Basic needs
·
Poverty
·
People’s participation
Increasing way of access of people on natural resources
1. Change
in knowledge, attitude and practice
2. Increase
in awareness
3. Increase
empowerment
4. Socio-economic
equality
Need and importance of access on the resources
1. Bio-diversity
conservation
2. Environmental
management
3. Mitigation
4. Participation
Natural resources: access, control and use
Delegate the power and rights to
the people to use, manage and to product the life support natural and environmental
resources in existing production system, political-decision making process,
socio-cultural structure and administrative mechanism is known as access,
control and use of natural resources.
Food security and its measures
Food security is a process that
succeeds in producing and acquiring, distributing and accessing sufficient food
that satisfies the nutritional need of every individual.
Driving force of resource development
1. Physical
geography
2. Population
and human resources
3. Production
mode of system
4. Technology
development
5. Social
development and cultural stage
6. Political
system and administrative structure
7. National
or international policy for resources development
8. Impacts
of globalization and climate change
9. Resources
rights, resources ownership and participation.
Driving force of resource development
1. Physical
geography
2. Population
and human resources
3. Production
mode of system
4. Technology
development
5. Social
development and cultural stage
6. Political
system and administrative structure
7. National
or international policy for resources development
8. Impacts
of globalization and climate change
9. Resources
rights, resources ownership and participation.
Types of resources scarcity
1. Physical
scarcity
2. Socio-economic
scarcity
3. Geopolitical
scarcity
4. Environmental
scarcity
Causes of natural resources conflict
1. Depletion
of renewable resources
2. Scarcity
of livelihood resources
3. Overpopulation
pressure
4. Unequal
distribution of resources.
Pollution
Pollution
Environment pollution may be
defined as the unfavorable alteration of our surrounding wholly or partly as a
by-product of man’s action through direct or indirect effects of change in
energy pattern, radiation level, chemical and physical constitution and
abundance of organism.
Pollutants
A pollutant has been defined as
any solid or liquid or gases substance present in such concentration as may be
or tend to be injurious to the environment.
Chemicalization
Chemicalization is the process to
mix up additional things to original matter and brought out changes in physical
and chemical characteristics.
Effects of desertification
1. Losses
of diversity
2. Damaging
agriculture
3. Economic
crisis
4. Ozone
layer depletion
Causes of deforestation
1. Soil
erosion
2. Environmental
pollution
3. Over
exploitation of natural resources
4. Industrialization
and urbanization
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation is
overall lowering of environmental qualities and adverse changes brought out by
man in environmental or natural resources such as land degradation,
deforestation and desertification, water quality depletion, air and water
pollution, and deterioration quality of human beings.
Aspects of environmental resources management
1. Development
of ecological balance
2. Protection
of species and bio-diversity conservation
3. Preservation
of cultural heritage
4. Improvement
of community livelihood
Strategies for natural resources management
1. Setting
standards for effluents discharged in the environment
2. Using
more environment friendly technology
3. Avoiding
concentration of polluting activities and rising assimilative capacity of
natural system.
Basic objects of resource management
1. To
avoid for the legitimize of all people of the present generation and to bring
them to a reasonable standard of life
2. To
manage economic development in such a way as to enhance and widen our resource
base so that the ability of our generation, which is likely to
Tuesday, August 14, 2012
Resources management
Resources management is the conservation
of natural resources and mitigates the rate of resources depletion and
environmental pollution through wiseful activities of human population to
improve the quality of present as well as future generation.
World production pattern
1. Natural/physical
factors
a.
Climate
b.
Topography
c.
Soil types
d.
Drainage
World agricultural system
1. Primitive
animal herding and shifting cultivation- ecological farming
2. Sedentary
and intensive – subsistence farming
3. Grains,
dairy and horticulture based commercial farming
4. Specialized
commercial farm activities in planned way- plantation farming
Resource use system
The history of the natural
resource use ethics os too complex but it remains generally true that
aboriginal(indigenous) cultures included the natural worked in their ethical
deliberation more deeply than civilized and industrialized cultures. The
evolution of natural resources use
Human and nature interactions
We cannot command nature except
by obeying her” – Francis bacon
Mankind is a part of nature,
subject to the force of gravitation to the law of energy transfer to the need
for food and reproduction.
Responses of biotic communities
Biotic community response to
nature refers to origin, growth, development, reproduction and extension and
adjustment activities of living world.
Adjustment continuous and
succession of biotic species in the constant change
Other global issues of carrying capacity
Human activities –
destruction of
vegetative cover over and uncontrolled use of common resources,
industrialization, urbanization, chemicalization etc.
Related issues to carrying capacity
1. Climate
change
-Global warming
-Depletion of
ozone
-Drought and
flood disaster
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is the capacity
of an ecosystem to support healthy organism to maintain its productivity,
adaptability and capability for renewal. There are limits to the carrying
capacity of the earth’s
Effects o environmental crisis
·
Changes in biological system
·
Change in bio-geo-chemical cycle.
·
Changes in ecosystem
Rural development
Rural development is a subset of
the broader or comprehensive development which covers overall development of
rural areas in order to imprve the quality of life of rural people.
Rural development is an
integrated development approach and encompasses
Development
The term development can be
defined as the process of change in social respect, growth in economic life,
participation on political decision, freedom in cultural values, progress in
scientific innovation
Natural resources management
Management of everything that
touches upon lives and life system of earth surface is natural resources
management.
Natural resources management
includes making proper utilization and conservation
Natural resources
Resources facilitate the
satisfaction of human wants and attainment of social objectives and valued and
priced by human needs and decision.
Natural resources
Resources facilitate the
satisfaction of human wants and attainment of social objectives and valued and
priced by human needs and decision.
Natural goods and things that
used by man for transformed them in
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is the basic unit of
organisms and their environment interacting with each other and with their own
components.
Types
Monday, August 13, 2012
Types of environment
1.
Natural environment
a.
Physical
b.
Biological
i.
The plant community
ii.
Kingdom of animal
iii.
microbes
2.
Cultural environment
Scope Importance of environment
Scope of environment
1.
Development of ecological balance
2.
Agricultural development
3.
Forest resources development
Environment
Environment is the total sum of circumstances that
constitute as the associative form of physical, biological, social,
technological, cultural and ploititcal aspects, forces, processes and elements.
Monday, August 6, 2012
Scientific Knowledge & Indigenous Knowledge
Scientific Knowledge
·
Explore the nature and society
·
Identify laws
·
Seek explanation for relationship
·
Build theory
Indigenous knowledge
I include the culture, traditions, values, beliefs and world
views of local people as distinguished from scientific knowledge, such
knowledge is the product of indigenous people direct experiences of the working
of the mature and its relationship with the social world, dei 1993
Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
Social Impact Assessment /analysis is related to the better
understanding about social consequence of projects, programs and policies.
SIA is defined in terms of efforts to access or estimate
social consequences of specific policy action (programs, projects and
activities)
EIA Principles and Process
1.
Screening
Whether or not an
individual project proposal need EIA
Threshold-
no of people who are going to benefited (population covered)
Types- Sites such as national parks, heritage sites, cultural and archaeological
sites etc.
Especially construction related projects need EIA before the
implementation ie. road
Application of EIA
1.
To identify potential environmental impact
2.
To examine the significance of environmental
implication
Threat to Wetland
1.
Drained water for agricultural, Industrial and
urban use
2.
Modification of land use
3.
Fragmentation
of wetland associated forest
4.
Pollution
5.
Siltation
6.
Lack of awareness
7.
Low prior to wetland in natural policy and
planning
8.
Underground water extraction
9.
Climate change
10.
Overgrazing
11.
Effects of externalities
12.
Deforestation
13.
Unsustainable harvest to wetland products
14.
Dam construction
15.
Lack of responsible institution or agencies.
Wet Land Related Policies
1.
The Aquatic Life Protection Act 1961
2.
National Park and Wild Life Conservation Act
1982
3.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act 1982
4.
The Ramsar Conservation Act 1971
Importance of Wetland
1.
Bio-diversity conservation.
2.
Source of water
3.
Source of food
4.
Transportation, recreation and pleasure
EIA and its Objectives
Environment Impact Assessment can be
defined as the process of identifying, providing, evaluating and mitigating the
bio-physical, social and other relevant effects of development proposes.
Friday, August 3, 2012
Climate change
Climate change
Climate change is the biggest emerging environmental challenge to date. Increasing scientific evidence, including the highly acclaimed fourth climate change assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel for
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